Chronic pain has long-term biological, psychological and social causes and consequences that are important in prevention and management. Physicians need to be aware of both the modifiable and non-modifiable factors associated with chronic pain. These are reviewed in the attached article:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590163/
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Modifiable Risks |
Non-Modifiable Risks |
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Pain |
Old age |
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Sleep |
Female sex |
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Mental health |
Influence of ethnicity/cultural background |
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Co-morbities |
Socioeconomic background |
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Alcohol |
Trauma, injury, hx of interpersonal violence |
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Obesity |
Genetics |
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Physical activity |
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nutrition |
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This patient’s prior history of depression, unemployment, sexual abuse, and abusive relationship, and current history of smoking, obesity, poor sleep may put them at increased risk of developing a chronic pain syndrome.
